10 Things First in Legal History

Laws are things that affect our daily lives that sometimes we think is very rare. There was a time when the laws that we know today did not exist before. Here are 10 of the first things that are important in the history of the legal world.

1. First Patent Law

There is evidence to suggest that something like patents was used in some cities of ancient Greece. Creator of a new recipe was awarded an exclusive right to cook food for a year, and the same practice also applies in some Roman cities. Modern patent began in Italy in 1474. At that time the Republic of Venice issued a decree that the discovery of new equipment, which has been used, must be reported to the republic to get the right to prevent others from using it. England followed a similar thing with the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 under the reign of King James I, which states that patents can only be given to the discovery of new projects only.

 

2. Copyright Law (Copyright) First

Copyright (copy right) was not found until the printing press technology developments and the illiteracy-free rate increases. Statute of Anne was the first law of copy right and give the author his rights for a specified period. Internationally, the Berne Convention in 1887 provides the scope of protection of copy right and still in use today.

3. First Universal Suffrage

In 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world that provided suffrage for women. This is the first time in the history of the western world women are given legal force by the men.

4. First Jury

The concept of the first modern jury can be traced in the Magna Carta, which gave English nobles the right to be tried by his peers (rather than simply judged by the king or other State officials).

5. First Use of Habeas Corpus

Habeas corpus is a legal action in which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention. Blackstone (English judge) wrote the first record of the use of habeas corpus in the year 1305 during the reign of King Edward I.

6. Lawyers First

The first person who can be said as "lawyer" is probably the orators of ancient Athens. However, the Athenian orator faced serious structural constraints. First, there is a rule that individuals should have to defend their own cases, which soon diverted by the increasing tendency of individuals to ask a "friend" as an aid, and second, the orator was not allowed to charge for their services. A law prohibiting the year 204 BC the Roman lawyers asking for payment, but the law is widely ignored. Emperor Claudius, who adopted advocacy as a profession and allow lawyers to be lawyers first Roman who could practice openly, abolishing the ban cost. From the beginning, unlike Athens, Rome developed a class of specialists who study the law, known as the jurisconsult (iuris consulti).

7. Perpetrators of Criminal Arrest with DNA First

Colin Pitchfork was the first criminal offender who was caught by DNA fingerprint evidence. Proven Pitchfork raped and murdered two girls in Narborough on November 21, 1983 and July 31, 1986. He was arrested on September 19, 1987, admitted his actions and sentenced to life imprisonment on January 23, 1988.

8. Use of the First Fingerprint

It is not known definitely when the fingerprints are used. But we can see the documentation of the use of fingerprints that are important as follows:

14th century AD, Persian: at various official government document used fingerprints, and a doctor observed that no two fingerprints are identical

1823: Jan Evangelista Purkyne, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he did not mention the use of fingerprints to identify a person.

1880: Dr. Henry Faulds published his first paper on this subject in the science journal Nature in 1880. Back to the UK in 1886, he offered this concept to the Metropolitan Police in London, but was rejected.

1892: Sir Francis Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints.

1892: Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police who had been studying Galton pattern types for a year, making the first criminal fingerprint identification. He successfully proved Francisca Rojas guilty of murder after showing a bloody fingerprint found at the scene were the woman's own.

9. police First

The concept of police paid the government has emerged in the 17th century and early 18th century, known as Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treatise on the Police"), first published 1705. German Polizeiwissenschaft (Police Studies) is also a theoretical formulation of police matters. In 1667, the reign of King Louis XIV created the first modern police force in the greatest city in Europe.

10. First Written Law

Legal history is closely associated with the development of civilization. Ancient Egyptian law, since 3000 BC, has a civil code which may be divided into twelve books. It is based on the concept of Ma'at, marked by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartial justice. Around the year 1760 BC Ancient Babylon under King Hammurabi, codified law-making and incorporated into the stone to the public in the market, this is known as the Codex Hammurabi.

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Fingerprint Identity For One Person Man

Fingerprints are personal identification that can not be there like it. If the world's 6 billion people alive, then there are 6 billion fingerprint patterns that exist and have not found someone who has the same fingerprint with others. Because of its uniqueness, the fingerprints used by police in the investigation of a criminal case (forensic). So in the event of a crime, crime scene will diclear up and forbidden for anyone to enter because of fear it would damage the criminal fingerprint that may be left on the existing evidence at the scene.

There are three types of fingerprints of Whorl (circle), Loop (hook) and Arch (arc). The properties or characteristics possessed by fingerprints is parennial nature of strokes on fingerprints attached to human life, immutability which means that fingerprints person will never change unless a condition is serious accidents thus changing the fingerprint pattern existing finger and individuality, which means the uniqueness of fingerprints is an originality that can not be equal owners with anyone on this earth once in a identical twin.

The science of fingerprints is dactyloscopy derived from the Greek meaning dactylos fingers or fingers and scopein line, which means observing.

Uniquely, the fingerprints can also be used as a guide to identify how a person's potential, so we can know the actual or potential talent so we can accommodate our potential for the type of jobs are best suited to our talents are. Method of identification can be done by naked eye with the person expert in his field, or some are using a special tool fingerprint reader (finger print reader) connected to a computer which then analyzes specific bersoftware based on the points is the reference. As for who can be identified is about a person's control logic, reflexes and brain development. About the form and the fingerprint pattern consisting of three types above have distinctive characteristics, namely:

1. Whorl (circle) is the principal form of fingerprints, has two deltas and at least one circular line in the pattern area, walk in front of the delta. This type consists of Plain Whorl Whorl, Central Pocket Whorl loop, double loop and Accidental Whorl Whorl.
2. Loop is the principal form in which prints one or more lines coming from one side of the painting, ramp, touching or crossing an imaginary line drawn between the delta and the core, stop or inclined towards the side of the original stop.
3. Arch is the principal form of fingerprints that all the lines coming from one side of the painting, flow or tend to flow to the other side of the painting, with a bumpy ride in the middle.

Introduction Fingerprint Test

FT (fingerprint test) aka fingerprint reading test is a method based on dermatoglyphic, science hundreds of years old. FT is the genetic blueprint.

Dermatoglyphic from the Greek, derma means skin and carved glyphs that are science-based theory of epidermal or skill ridge (lines on the surface of the skin, fingers, palms, feet up). Dermatoglyphic have a strong science base for research supported since 300 years ago.

The researchers found the epidermal ridge has a relationship with the scientific nature of the genetic code of the brain cells and the potential of one's intelligence. The study begins by Govard Bidloo in 1685. Then, successively conducted by Marcello Malpighi (1686), JCA Mayer (1788), John E. Purkinje (1823), Dr. Henry Faulds (1880), Francis Galton (1892), Harris Hawthorne Wilder (1897) and Noel Jaquin (1958).

Beryl B. Hutchinson in 1967 wrote a book called Your Life in Your Hands, a book about hand analysis. Finally, the results of research Beverly C. Jaegers (1974), the fingerprint is reflected in the characteristics and psychology of a person. Their results have been demonstrated in the field of anthropology and health.

Fingerprint Test Phase

To check your intelligence through fingerprints, palm originally photographed with a camera that is connected on the monitor screen. Furthermore, the ten fingers scanned on an instrument resembling a computer mouse. The way is by putting the tip of each finger in turn. At that moment, the tenth of your fingerprint has been recorded in a computer. Later, an FT analysts will analyze it.

The results of a detailed analysis can only be given 5 days later, waiting for the results of laboratory analysis in Singapore. In Indonesia there is not a special laboratory for this FT.

When the full results of the fingerprint record is given to the patient, the team psychologist ready to explain its meaning. For information, describe the vision of the little finger. Ring finger symbolizes the hearing. Middle finger touch by touch, balance, movement and coordination of the hands and feet. Index finger as a process of information (left hand for the logic, the right hand to mind). Thumb to think and make decisions.

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